Physics Fundamentals ( Phys1001 ) - 1760 Words

Lab Report Module Name: Physics Fundamentals (PHYS1001) Experiment Name: Determination of Planck’s constant (h) Student P-number: P14177341 Lab Tutor : Dr Shashi Paul Date: 14/11/2014 Abstract The objective was to determine the value of Planck’s constant using LED’s. The value of Planck’s constant found in this experiment was 5.93x10-34Js, This is fairy close in comparison to the accepted value being 6.626x10-34Js. The Value of Planck’s constant was found with the use of LED’s, the provided wavelength was used to calculate the frequency, then the experiment allowed us to find the LED’s Turn on voltage. The findings were plotted to a graph where, start up voltage was on the Y axis and†¦show more content†¦the electrons crossing the junction are excited and return to their stable state, usually the ground state. When returning to the ground state or a lower state from which they were in, the electron emits light energy which is a high energy photon. The energy of the photon depends on how many energy states the electron drops. This particular voltage when the LED just starts to emit light is known as the threshold voltage. Once the threshold voltage is reached the current may increase but the voltage across the LED doesn t change significantly. The energy of the photon emitted can be calculated using the equation E = hf where h = the Planck’s constant f = the frequency of light From the equation it can be said that the energy emitted has a relationship with planck’s constant and the frequency of emitted radiation. We can use this equation to work out planck’s constant by combining it with another equation. This equation is E = QV where Q = the charge (1.6x10-19) V = threshold voltage hf=QV If you plot a graph of voltage against frequency, find the gradient and multiply it by the charge of an electron (1.6x10-19), you find the value of Planck’s constant. Experiment / Materials and Methods Apparatus: Circuit board LED’s blue to infrared Resistor in series on circuit board 100ÃŽ © Smartphone camera Procedure: Firstly set up apparatus, then connect the diodes one at a

Arendt And Freedman Political Freedom Free Essays

Political freedom is an ideal for both Arendt and Friedman. As political theorists they offer not only definitions to understand what political freedom is for them, but what necessary preconditions must exist in order for their ideal to be vitalized. Arendt explains political freedom as the right to be a participator in government. We will write a custom essay sample on Arendt And Freedman: Political Freedom or any similar topic only for you Order Now She implies that this means more than voting for a representative or having the opportunity to run for office. Arendt advocates that political freedom requires equal participation on behalf of all citizens and the involvement in politics is the most important part of an individual’s life. Friedman states that political freedom is the absence of coercion with the necessary precondition of economic freedom. Arendt and Friedman have different understandings of what political freedom is, but within their differences are similarities. Understanding what Arendt does not view as political freedom is essential in understanding what is political freedom because it helps in establishing the necessary means involved in obtaining political freedom. † should be no reason for us to mistake civil rights for political freedom, or to equate these preliminaries of civilized government with the very substance of a free republic. (Arendt P220) Arendt has established civil rights as something other than political freedom. Civil rights apply to liberation and not political freedom because civil rights do not necessarily assume the presence of freedom. Civil rights can be granted to a population under the rule of a tyrant in the form of a law, but when the population is not part of the formation of such a law then political freedom does not exist. According to Arendt, the presence of poverty does not permit the presence of political freedom. If individuals are forced to focus their efforts to fulfill biological needs such as food and shelter then they cannot possibly be political. Capitalism also prevents the existence of Arendt’s political freedom because capitalism is based on consumption. When the members of society are focused on obtaining goods and material possessions they become just as preoccupied as those in poverty. So capitalism creates greed and creates unnecessary needs and desires that inhibit political freedom. Political freedom requires an absence of as many social conditions as it does a presence of other conditions. Political freedom, as discussed in â€Å"The Revolutionary Tradition and Its Lost Treasure,† obliges the presence of a population who thinks in terms of â€Å"we† rather than â€Å"I. † When everyone in a society acts for a better community and thinks in terms of the community, they will be able to exist politically free. When the focus of the individual shifts from the private interests created under capitalism to a public interest necessary for political freedom, more will be done to benefit society as a whole as opposed to individuals in a private realm. Learning to escape the private realm and understand that of the public means to understand the possibility of a greater good found in working together rather than many separate smaller goods held by only certain individuals. When there are individuals with separate smaller goods there has to be individuals with their own separate failure and lack of essential good. Milton Friedman does not offer the same definition for political freedom, thus his means for obtaining political freedom are also separate from Arendt’s. Friedman presumes that economic freedom must exist in order for political freedom to exist, and the means to true economic freedom is through the capitalist free market. Friedman writes, â€Å"History suggests only that capitalism is a necessary condition for political freedom. † (P10) The free market should take care of it self, be free from forced government intervention, and thus establish an environment in which coercion does not rule. Friedman believes that it is the power instilled in Washington D. C. that is responsible for the current coercion through their economic power. The economic power of the government is derived through the process of taxation, a process of coercing the citizens of the state to fund an organization against their will to do the jobs that capitalism, when left to its own devices, will achieve. Friedman suggests that government should focus on military effort, and not issues unrelated. He says: This danger we cannot avoid. But we needlessly intensify it by continuing the widespread governmental intervention in areas unrelated to the military defense of the nation and by undertaking new governmental programs – from medical care for the aged to lunar exploration. Friedman P202) So Friedman believes that government intervention leads to the collapse of political freedom. He goes on to discuss his fear of intervention. I believe that we shall be able to preserve and extend freedom despite the size of the military programs and despite the economic powers already concentrated inWashington. But we shall be able to do so only if we awake to the threat that we face, only if we persuade our fellow men that free institutions offer a surer, if perhaps at times slower, route to the ends they seek than the coercive power of the state. Friedman P202) Political Freedom for Friedman is then merely the absence of government coercion and the presence of an economically free population that, through the free market, can actually take care and supervise themselves. Friedman is relying on the same factors to create political freedom that Arendt sees as inhibiting freedom. That is, he sees a capitalist free market as the necessary means to actually bring people voluntarily together, not coercively. Friedman says:Exchange can therefore bring about co-ordination without coercion. A working model of a society organized through voluntary exchange is a free private enterprise exchange economy – what we have been calling competitive capitalism. (Friedman P13)So Friedman is actually advocating that capitalism is not as competitive as it appears, and that it actually requires citizens to work together and thus benefit each other through their actions. This is similar to what Arendt signifies as thinking in terms of â€Å"we† rather than â€Å"I,† yet it is the exact ingredient that Arendt classifies as creating the â€Å"I. † It is peculiar that such contrasting opinions and explanation actually lead to the same ideal. Friedman and Arendt offer opposing means of obtaining political freedom, but there are similarities in what their means accomplish before the existence of political freedom. Both want a society in which individuals do something for each other, they work together for a greater good. The difference is that Arendt wants the cooperation to be based on politics while Friedman wants the cooperation based on free enterprise. Friedman wants less government involvement because he understands such involvement to be the basis of coercion. Friedman would rather have individuals voluntarily come together than be forced to come together. He sees political freedom as being free from the control of the state, free to evolve independent of government influence, and free to decide how to evolve. Friedman wants the government to have limited power because free enterprise will thrive in the absence of government intervention. Economic freedom will be created in the free enterprise and political freedom is the result. Another similarity between Arendt’s and Friedman’s differing views is the requirement of economic freedom. Although it is quite a major aspect for Friedman, Arendt does not focus directly on the topic. Arendt is just as much a supporter of economic freedom because she acknowledges that a state dealing with poverty and the fulfillment of basic needs cannot deal with political freedom. Economic freedom is the absence of such struggles and the presence of a means to be politically free. The similarity through presence of economic freedom is divided by the role of government. For Friedman political freedom is the absence of coercion, namely governmental coercion, not the presence of a highly involved government that Arendt advocates. Arendt’s political freedom is not the absence of government, merely the absence of representative government. She sees the concern of private life being too dominate under a representative system because, † the voter acts out of concern with his private life and well-being, and the residue of power he still holds in his hands resembles rather the reckless coercion with which a blackmailer forces his victim into obedience than the power that arises out of joint action and joint deliberation. (Arendt P 273) She is saying that representation leads to the problem of coercion, and it is coercion that Friedman sees necessary is not existing in the existence of political freedom. Without a direct democracy at the basis of a highly involved government political freedom is impossible because there is too much corrupt behavior and focus on private interests when the majority elects a minority to make the decisions for the state. Arendt envisions a society in which all of its members equally partake in the decision making of the government and they all work for the good of each other, not for a private good. Arendt establishes the aspects of life that have been private in the past as needing to be public in an effort to prevent corruption and maintain political freedom. Friedman does not advocate the same direct democracy that Arendt envisions. Instead, he expects the free market to essentially rule itself and take on the duties of Arendt’s government in the form of free enterprise. He sees the government as the cause of the coercion and presumes that the power should be taken out of the government. So this is an opposite response to Arendt’s view that the government should become larger, so large that all citizens are involved and have an equal say, thus preventing the possibility of coercion. Both Arendt and Friedman see coercion as preventing political freedom and both offer different means of ridding society of coercion. Political freedom is not an easily definable term. It is much like love, god, and friendship in that it has different meanings for different people at different times. Political freedom is about both the means of obtaining the ideal as well as the ideal itself. Friedman and Arendt present what they presume to be the means and the ends of political freedom, but neither is completely right or entirely wrong. It does not seem possible to create a set definition as to what political freedom is, much less what the appropriate means of obtaining political freedom are. It seems more important to try to distinguish certain common traits of what political freedom is rather than attempt to create a set definition. The common traits shared by Arendt and Friedman are that economic freedom and absence of coercion are necessary for political freedom. Political freedom, for both theorists, requires the action of a public community and not private individuals. They do not agree about the role of government, nor do they agree on the form government should take. Although it is important to distinguish what are and are not characteristics of political freedom, it is more important to understand that political freedom cannot be defined. Political freedom can be speculated about, but will not be truly comprehended until it is actualized. Only when political freedom exists will it be understood. How to cite Arendt And Freedman: Political Freedom, Essay examples

Involvement Management and Organizational Performance †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Involvement Management and Organizational Performance. Answer: Introduction The report is an overview of the how marketing manager is responsible for managing the firms requirements along with the human resource department. The report largely talks about the marketing strategies need to be followed and the recruitment and selection procedure. It is written with respect to the company of Singapore which deals with networking mainly recognized by its abbreviation as SingTel, Singapore Telecommunications Limited. The report presents the image of what are the duties and responsibilities of the marketing manager and what kind of demands this job makes so that it can meet the demands of the company effectively and efficiently. Singapore Telecommunications Limited particularly known as SingTel is a telecommunication company in Singapore. It was founded on 1879 in Singapore. The company provides mobile networks all over the country to millions of subscribers. The products offered by the company includes broadband and fixed-line internet services, fixed line and mobile telephony, digital, IT and network services. It has also widely expanded itself over the countries like Asia, Australia, and Africa. The Company is highly professional and has achieved heights (Buller McEvoy, 2012). The amount of profit generated by the company is near $3.853 billion. Since the company is quite large the number of employees working in the organization is more than 25,000. The Company provides services related to a network which has given company number of customers. This increased their chances of earning more of profit. The organization offers a number of job vacancies every year. This gives a chance to recruit new employees with extra skills and hard labor. Since the company runs on a large scale it expands its business by replacing the redesigned employees with professionals. The supervisory position presented in the report is of Marketing Manager (Jiang, Lepak, Hu Baer, 2012). A Market Manager is one who is responsible for managing the selling the products of profit and observing the requirements of the business in order to make a profit. A marketing manager is responsible for making a good strategy to increase the number of customers. This allows the company to make more and profit (Hlsheger, Alberts, Feinholdt Lang, 2013). The plans made by them must relate to consumer research. They are responsible for managing agencies of media and digital.The market plans made by them necessarily have to set the standards to outshine the other companies in the market. The major responsibility that they have to maintain the contacts with its internal and external partners. This is important as to measure the market positions of the company jointly. Their duty is to keep a check on the market budget and invest into the market accordingly. They are responsible for managing the website on social media in order to be aware and let others aware about the functioning of the business. They have to collect and analyze the data by preparing reports on a monthly basis as asked by the company. They are advised to look into every matter closely to ensure no chances of risk and failure (Lin, 2013). Job Specification Before hiring any person to work for the company, the company checks and evaluates whether the person has sufficient skill and knowledge or not, whether he is able to work for the company and is able to give good outputs or not. The company before hiring for the position of Marketing Manager demands minimum experience of 5 years in the related sector. He must know about the trading in the market through network i.e. he should have good experience of social media. He must have good communication skills as expected from the employee for a job like this. The applicant should have a degree in business administration and marketing. If the candidate comes from the same industry then he can easily understand the environment of the companys requirements. He should have a basic knowledge of computers like MS office, excel, access and PowerPoint. Interpersonal and strong written skills are required for appointing a new candidate in the company as an operation manager. They must understand the value of the position they will work for. Being a marketing manager of a company is not easy. One should acquire all such skills and abilities (Dulebohn, Bommer, Liden, Brouer Ferris, 2012). The human resource manager is responsible for designing the job for a company. The job designing is based on the actions such as motivation, efficiency, health and safety and intellectual capability of the employees. Job design at a company like SingTel is done with intellectuality. One has to work firmly and with full efficiency. Job design is the core and primary function of human resource management. It is a basic function of human resource management. It includes the different type of information, methods that need to be followed in the organization and employee relationship. This ensures the requirements of technology and organization. The requirements of the company also depend on social and personal wants and expectations of the employment. The HR department is responsible for appointing a candidate as an operation manager in the operation department; they have been discussed below (Bangerter, Roulin Knig, 2012). The job design of the company works on motivating the employees efficiently. The responsibility of motivating the employees of the company is fulfilled by the human resource department. They motivate them to work hard in order to make the company achieve its target effectively (Wood, Van Veldhoven, Croon de Menezes, 2012). The HR management observes the working of the employee. Employees of the company are advised to talk about the problem with the HR department. Every employee of the firm is advised to work potentially and effectively. They must not be burdened by any matter. They should be capable of working not only physically but also mentally (Tims, Bakker Derks, 2013). The marketing department of SingTel is also responsible for taking a good care of its employees. The very important thing to do is to maintain a proper record of the employees working in the firm. The marketing manager cannot take the risk of losing the very efficient employee. He has to be alert all the time about their health and safety. A good health of the employee will result in good outputs for the firm. The marketing manager is therefore responsible for managing these criteria with the help of human resource manager. He has to maintain a proper record of the employees safety and health. He is the one responsible for the care of such employees who work for their firm (Grant, 2012). Recruitment strategies The marketing department of SingTel knows very well about the type of strategies to make that can result in a good sale. The marketing manager is the one who is responsible for recruiting the applicants. He knows very well about the qualities needed to work as an employee of marketing. Before recruiting, the manager looks for the creativity level that the applicant posses. He chooses the applicant according to their skills and understanding. The human resource management of SingTel makes effective recruitment strategies in marketing sector as well to appoint a new candidate in the organization. Human resource department is responsible for answering the members and also works into job analyses. It is also answerable for recruiting and selecting the candidates for firms good future. (Treweek, Lockhart, Pitkethly, Cook, Kjeldstrm, Johansen Jones, 2013). The type of strategies followed by SingTel while recruiting has actually given good results to the company. The recruitment strategies planned by the human resource department is granting success to the company. The kind of environment developed at the firm makes it easier to work and maintain a proper discipline. Strategies made by human resource department are never questioned by SingTel. They very well know about the kind of strategies made for marketing. These strategies help the company in better functioning of the organization. A good plan makes the good functioning of the firm. The marketing strategies planned in order to recruit employees are full of creative ideas as needed in marketing. Employees put their efforts in order to get selected. The result of such efforts develops competition among employees which brings good to the company. (Aldao Nolen-Hoeksema, 2012). When the company requires a large number of employees in the organization it fills the vacant positions by recruiting the employees from the organization itself. This source of recruiting is called Internal Recruiting Source. The benefit of this source is that since the employees are hired from the same company they know about the rules and policies of the company. This saves time in explaining them and results in better output in a short run (Powell, Waltz, Chinman, Damschroder, Smith, Matthieu, Kirchner, 2015). External recruitment is that type of recruitment source where the company hires a candidate through job applications. The candidates are not from the existing staff. This gives the company a chance to meet new ideas and talents that can help the company in near future. The qualified candidates are hired to fill the vacancies (Peters-Lawrence, Bell, Hsu, Osunkwo, Seaman, Blackwood, Dampier, 2012). Selection strategies The selection process begins after the process of recruitment. The selected employees have to work on the project assigned to them. They work for the firm by completing the projects. Selection in telecommunication companies, like SingTel is done on the basis of the input they give an output that company receives. Their punctuality and their behavior depending on the career. They have to be polite with the other members of the society. The process of selection is dependent upon the qualification. The qualification of the candidate should fulfill the eligibility criteria to get selected. Since the job of marketing managers is to look into marketing criteria, therefore, they do their work of selecting the employees according to their creative level. The marketing manager usually works by collaborating with the supervisors in order to select the best employee from the applicants. The candidates are recommended to be confident. They should show their skills that they are good at and in fa vor of the company. He is advised to think about something new and something innovative (Karim Arif-Uz-Zaman, 2013). Implementation of selection strategies The selected employees have to make the most of the opportunity given at SingTel Company. The selection of the employees results in good outputs and better functioning. The employees are selected as professionals and work for the benefit of the company in an effective way. They are taught to maintain discipline in the environment of the company. Since the employees are taught and trained before working on any project, therefore, it becomes easy to deal with the problems. The selected candidates are advised to put their best efforts in making the project superficial. The employees are benefited for their quality of work. Hence they are provided with incentives and bonus. This keeps their interest ongoing (Roh, Hong Min, 2014). The benefits given to them include traveling packages, bonuses, promotion etc. This makes them work with passion and enthusiasm. The selected candidate is majorly taught to have communicative skills as the company major purpose is of telecommunication. The sele ction procedure should be effective. It must lead the companys growth towards marketing. The selection of the candidates for the department of marketing gives a new level of thinking in the company. The selected candidates have to work for the fulfillment of the marketing demands. The strategies made by the elected employees results in good output as they are trained before getting into the project. Also, along with the new employee's company also chooses to select a certain number of employees from the already existing employees. This also provides the advantage of saving time (Proctor, Powell McMillen, 2013). Conclusion On the above discussion, the report concludes by talking about the criteria followed by Singapore Telecommunications Limited while selecting the respective candidates to work for the company and its implementation. SingTel is widely known all over the country for providing access to large networks. Therefore, it becomes necessary for them to provide good services to the customers and to expand itself in the market. The report talks about each and everything that needs to be done by the marketing manager to take the company to heights. Through the report, it is clear that what strategies a company must follow to meet the demands of the market. The report makes it very clear how important it is to have an HR department in the company. In this way, it can be said that human resource department plays a vital role in every organization. References Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). The influence of context on the implementation of adaptive emotion regulation strategies.Behaviour research and therapy,50(7), 493-501. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bangerter, A., Roulin, N., Knig, C. J. (2012). 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(2012). Enriched job design, high involvement management and organizational performance: The mediating roles of job satisfaction and well-being.Human relations,65(4), 419-445.